1 Data

\(\text{Table}\:\text{1.}\) Robot vs LPS+LESS
Robot LPS+LESS
NxUx 454 1532 1986
Segmental 25 13 38
479 1545 2024


1.1 Baseline

Patient’s Baseline Characteristics
level 1 ROBOT 2 LPS+LESS p test SMD
n 479 1545
NUx (%) 1 ROBOT 454 (94.8) 0 ( 0.0) <0.001 16.493
2 LPS+LESS 0 ( 0.0) 1532 (99.2)
NA 25 ( 5.2) 13 ( 0.8)
Segmental (%) 1 ROBOT 25 ( 5.2) 0 ( 0.0) <0.001 0.357
2 LPS+LESS 0 ( 0.0) 13 ( 0.8)
NA 454 (94.8) 1532 (99.2)
ECOG (%) 0 無症狀 248 (51.8) 609 (39.4) <0.001 0.521
1 有症狀,可步行對生活不影響 187 (39.0) 536 (34.7)
2 躺在床上時間小於50% 22 ( 4.6) 83 ( 5.4)
3 躺在床上時間大於50% 3 ( 0.6) 9 ( 0.6)
4 完全臥床 0 ( 0.0) 4 ( 0.3)
NA 19 ( 4.0) 304 (19.7)
性別 (%) 1 男 202 (42.2) 636 (41.2) 0.736 0.020
2 女 277 (57.8) 909 (58.8)
BMI (%) 1 Normal 228 (47.6) 582 (37.7) <0.001 0.321
2 Overweight 133 (27.8) 354 (22.9)
NA 118 (24.6) 609 (39.4)
Cell_Type (%) 1 urothelial 414 (86.4) 1390 (90.0) 0.090 0.111
5 UC with variants (Squamous cell, glandular, sarcomatous, micro papillary, neuroendocrine, lymphoepithelial) 61 (12.7) 147 ( 9.5)
6 others 4 ( 0.8) 8 ( 0.5)
左右側 (%) 1 左 249 (52.0) 802 (51.9) 0.990 0.008
2 右 223 (46.6) 719 (46.5)
3 雙側 7 ( 1.5) 24 ( 1.6)
腫瘤位置 (%) 0 non-visible 1 ( 0.2) 1 ( 0.1) 0.517 0.104
1 腎盂 186 (38.8) 655 (42.4)
2 輸尿管 175 (36.5) 500 (32.4)
3 膀胱袖口 1 ( 0.2) 2 ( 0.1)
4 多個位置 115 (24.0) 385 (24.9)
5 無法識別 1 ( 0.2) 2 ( 0.1)
多發性 (%) 0 Not available 19 ( 4.0) 92 ( 6.0) 0.246 0.092
1 No 295 (61.6) 936 (60.6)
2 Yes 165 (34.4) 517 (33.5)
腫瘤大小 (%) 0 Not available 7 ( 1.5) 56 ( 3.6) 0.050 0.141
1 <2cm 153 (31.9) 462 (29.9)
2 >=2cm 319 (66.6) 1027 (66.5)
病理分期 (%) 1 stage 0a/0is 73 (15.2) 241 (15.6) 0.018 0.185
2 stage I 118 (24.6) 436 (28.2)
3 stage II 79 (16.5) 296 (19.2)
4 stage III 144 (30.1) 442 (28.6)
5 stage IV 52 (10.9) 106 ( 6.9)
NA 13 ( 2.7) 24 ( 1.6)
完整檢體腫瘤惡性度 (%) 1 papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential 1 ( 0.2) 1 ( 0.1) 0.185 0.124
2 low grade 47 ( 9.8) 140 ( 9.1)
3 high grade 418 (87.3) 1372 (88.8)
4 Gx 2 ( 0.4) 15 ( 1.0)
NA 11 ( 2.3) 17 ( 1.1)
合併膀胱腫瘤 (%) 0 No 356 (74.3) 1078 (69.8) 0.096 0.159
1 Previous Hx of bladder UC 33 ( 6.9) 114 ( 7.4)
2 Concurrent Bladder UC 70 (14.6) 261 (16.9)
3 Not available 14 ( 2.9) 41 ( 2.7)
NA 6 ( 1.3) 51 ( 3.3)
合併CIS (%) 0 No 323 (67.4) 1060 (68.6) 0.062 0.133
1 Yes 149 (31.1) 434 (28.1)
NA 7 ( 1.5) 51 ( 3.3)
Lymphovascular_invasion (%) 0 No 366 (76.4) 1256 (81.3) <0.001 0.189
1 Yes 92 (19.2) 267 (17.3)
NA 21 ( 4.4) 22 ( 1.4)
surgical_margin (%) 0 free 449 (93.7) 1472 (95.3) 0.066 0.117
1 positive 26 ( 5.4) 51 ( 3.3)
NA 4 ( 0.8) 22 ( 1.4)
術前水腎 (%) 1 No 207 (43.2) 719 (46.5) 0.137 0.106
2 Yes 258 (53.9) 761 (49.3)
NA 14 ( 2.9) 65 ( 4.2)
Tumor_Necrosis (%) 0 No 412 (86.0) 1133 (73.3) <0.001 0.439
1 Yes 57 (11.9) 208 (13.5)
NA 10 ( 2.1) 204 (13.2)
有無針對UTUC化療 (%) 0 No 321 (67.0) 1075 (69.6) 0.018 0.155
1 Yes 148 (30.9) 404 (26.1)
2 Not available 10 ( 2.1) 66 ( 4.3)
針對UTUC化療型態 (%) 0 No & Unknown 331 (69.1) 1139 (73.7) 0.008 0.176
1 neo-adjuvant 20 ( 4.2) 42 ( 2.7)
2 adjuvant 92 (19.2) 297 (19.2)
3 salvage (curative intent) 13 ( 2.7) 15 ( 1.0)
4 palliative (S/S relieve) 23 ( 4.8) 52 ( 3.4)
化療處方 (%) 0 No & Unknown 336 (70.1) 1150 (74.4) 0.079 0.151
1 Gemcitabine & cisplatin 39 ( 8.1) 125 ( 8.1)
2 MVAC 10 ( 2.1) 11 ( 0.7)
3 Taxans-based 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.1)
4 Carboplatin-based 49 (10.2) 141 ( 9.1)
5 others 45 ( 9.4) 117 ( 7.6)
Bladder_cuff_resection (%) 0 Not perform BCR 11 ( 2.3) 47 ( 3.0) <0.001 2.194
1 Open incision 92 (19.2) 1027 (66.5)
2 Transurethral incision 9 ( 1.9) 55 ( 3.6)
4 Laparoscopy 6 ( 1.3) 306 (19.8)
5 Robot assisted 321 (67.0) 5 ( 0.3)
NA 40 ( 8.4) 105 ( 6.8)
simultaneously_ipsilateral_adrenalectomy (%) 0 No 408 (85.2) 1205 (78.0) 0.001 0.202
1 Yes 26 ( 5.4) 95 ( 6.1)
NA 45 ( 9.4) 245 (15.9)
Post_operation_intravesical_CT_instillation (%) 1 No 356 (74.3) 1370 (88.7) <0.001 0.477
2 術中膀胱灌藥 41 ( 8.6) 6 ( 0.4)
3 術後膀胱灌藥 38 ( 7.9) 51 ( 3.3)
NA 44 ( 9.2) 118 ( 7.6)
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%) 0 No Complication 284 (59.3) 905 (58.6) 0.011 0.243
1 Grade I 78 (16.3) 175 (11.3)
2 Grade II 76 (15.9) 239 (15.5)
3 Grade IIIa 4 ( 0.8) 14 ( 0.9)
4 Grade IIIb 4 ( 0.8) 21 ( 1.4)
5 Grade IVa 3 ( 0.6) 16 ( 1.0)
6 Grade IVb 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.1)
7 Grade V 3 ( 0.6) 6 ( 0.4)
NA 27 ( 5.6) 168 (10.9)
Disease_free (%) 0 No 361 (75.4) 1281 (82.9) <0.001 0.187
1 Yes 118 (24.6) 264 (17.1)
Mortality (%) 0 No 340 (71.0) 924 (59.8) <0.001 0.237
1 Yes 139 (29.0) 621 (40.2)
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD)) 7.60 (4.16) 8.44 (5.67) 0.004 0.168
手術到死亡間隔時間_月 (mean (SD)) 24.10 (17.50) 38.73 (32.69) <0.001 0.558
診斷年紀 (mean (SD)) 69.29 (10.23) 68.74 (10.49) 0.309 0.054
Followup (mean (SD)) 48.01 (95.82) 52.86 (40.04) 0.115 0.066
Followup_DF (mean (SD)) 31.35 (22.81) 39.23 (31.63) <0.001 0.286

1.2 Missing Value

2 Imputation

We utilize MICE to impute the missing value, since too much missing value.

2.1 MICE

To address missing data, we employed Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE), a widely used technique for imputing missing values in com- plex datasets. As described by Rubin (2004) and Schafer (1999), MICE operates under the assumption that the data are missing at random (MAR) and provides a flexible framework for handling missing values across various conditions. The method iteratively imputes missing values by specifying a series of conditional models, one for each variable with missing data, based on the observed data and the imputed values from previous iterations.

Van Buuren and Oudshoorn (2000) introduced the MICE algorithm imple- mented in R, which combines various imputation techniques such as predictive mean matching, random forests, and k-nearest neighbors (kNN) to estimate miss- ing values accurately. The iterative process continues until convergence is reached, ensuring that the imputed data sets preserve the statistical properties of the original incomplete data.

\(\text{Table}\:\text{2.}\) Robot vs LPS+LESS after imputing and cleaning
Robot LPS+LESS
NxUx 424 1147 1571
Segmental 24 10 34
448 1157 1605


Patient’s Baseline after MICE
level 1 Robot 2 LPS+LESS p test SMD
n 448 1157
NUx (%) 1 ROBOT 424 (100.0) 0 ( 0.0) <0.001 NaN
2 LPS+LESS 0 ( 0.0) 1147 (100.0)
Segmental (%) 1 ROBOT 24 (100.0) 0 ( 0.0) <0.001 NaN
2 LPS+LESS 0 ( 0.0) 10 (100.0)
ECOG (%) 0 無症狀 248 ( 55.4) 564 ( 48.7) 0.077 0.173
1 有症狀,可步行對生活不影響 176 ( 39.3) 501 ( 43.3)
2 躺在床上時間小於50% 21 ( 4.7) 77 ( 6.7)
3 躺在床上時間大於50% 3 ( 0.7) 9 ( 0.8)
4 完全臥床 0 ( 0.0) 6 ( 0.5)
性別 (%) 1 男 188 ( 42.0) 473 ( 40.9) 0.735 0.022
2 女 260 ( 58.0) 684 ( 59.1)
BMI (%) 1 Normal 287 ( 64.1) 709 ( 61.3) 0.330 0.058
2 Overweight 161 ( 35.9) 448 ( 38.7)
Cell_Type (%) 1 urothelial 386 ( 86.2) 1017 ( 87.9) 0.412 0.070
5 UC with variants 58 ( 12.9) 135 ( 11.7)
6 others 4 ( 0.9) 5 ( 0.4)
左右側 (%) 1 左 227 ( 50.7) 608 ( 52.5) 0.795 0.038
2 右 214 ( 47.8) 532 ( 46.0)
3 雙側 7 ( 1.6) 17 ( 1.5)
腫瘤位置 (%) 0 non-visible 1 ( 0.2) 1 ( 0.1) 0.760 0.074
1 腎盂 174 ( 38.8) 484 ( 41.8)
2 輸尿管 163 ( 36.4) 391 ( 33.8)
3 膀胱袖口 1 ( 0.2) 2 ( 0.2)
4 多個位置 109 ( 24.3) 279 ( 24.1)
多發性 (%) 0 Not available 10 ( 2.2) 20 ( 1.7) 0.560 0.059
1 No 279 ( 62.3) 750 ( 64.8)
2 Yes 159 ( 35.5) 387 ( 33.4)
腫瘤大小 (%) 0 Not available 5 ( 1.1) 10 ( 0.9) 0.197 0.099
1 <2cm 144 ( 32.1) 322 ( 27.8)
2 >=2cm 299 ( 66.7) 825 ( 71.3)
病理分期 (%) 1 stage 0a/0is 76 ( 17.0) 205 ( 17.7) 0.243 0.126
2 stage I 115 ( 25.7) 296 ( 25.6)
3 stage II 74 ( 16.5) 218 ( 18.8)
4 stage III 136 ( 30.4) 355 ( 30.7)
5 stage IV 47 ( 10.5) 83 ( 7.2)
完整檢體腫瘤惡性度 (%) 1 papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential 1 ( 0.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0.394 0.075
2 low grade 48 ( 10.7) 126 ( 10.9)
3 high grade 395 ( 88.2) 1024 ( 88.5)
4 Gx 4 ( 0.9) 7 ( 0.6)
合併膀胱腫瘤 (%) 0 No 341 ( 76.1) 857 ( 74.1) 0.745 0.063
1 Previous Hx of bladder UC 30 ( 6.7) 95 ( 8.2)
2 Concurrent Bladder UC 68 ( 15.2) 179 ( 15.5)
3 Not available 9 ( 2.0) 26 ( 2.2)
合併CIS (%) 0 No 311 ( 69.4) 822 ( 71.0) 0.562 0.036
1 Yes 137 ( 30.6) 335 ( 29.0)
Lymphovascular_invasion (%) 0 No 359 ( 80.1) 946 ( 81.8) 0.497 0.041
1 Yes 89 ( 19.9) 211 ( 18.2)
surgical_margin (%) 0 Free 423 ( 94.4) 1121 ( 96.9) 0.030 0.121
1 Positive 25 ( 5.6) 36 ( 3.1)
術前水腎 (%) 0 No 197 ( 44.0) 512 ( 44.3) 0.964 0.006
1 Yes 251 ( 56.0) 645 ( 55.7)
Tumor_Necrosis (%) 0 No 391 ( 87.3) 983 ( 85.0) 0.269 0.067
1 Yes 57 ( 12.7) 174 ( 15.0)
有無針對UTUC化療 (%) 0 No 309 ( 69.0) 824 ( 71.2) 0.675 0.049
1 Yes 133 ( 29.7) 319 ( 27.6)
2 Not available 6 ( 1.3) 14 ( 1.2)
針對UTUC化療型態 (%) 0 No & Unknown 315 ( 70.3) 836 ( 72.3) 0.167 0.132
1 neo-adjuvant 18 ( 4.0) 37 ( 3.2)
2 adjuvant 84 ( 18.8) 233 ( 20.1)
3 salvage (curative intent) 10 ( 2.2) 11 ( 1.0)
4 palliative (S/S relieve) 21 ( 4.7) 40 ( 3.5)
化療處方 (%) 0 No & Unknown 319 ( 71.2) 842 ( 72.8) NaN 0.144
1 Gemcitabine & cisplatin 32 ( 7.1) 109 ( 9.4)
2 MVAC 10 ( 2.2) 11 ( 1.0)
3 Taxans-based 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0)
5 others 87 ( 19.4) 195 ( 16.9)
Bladder_cuff_resection (%) 0 Not perform BCR 12 ( 2.7) 47 ( 4.1) <0.001 2.409
1 Open incision 91 ( 20.3) 763 ( 65.9)
2 Transurethral incision 11 ( 2.5) 57 ( 4.9)
4 Laparoscopy 6 ( 1.3) 286 ( 24.7)
5 Robot assisted 328 ( 73.2) 4 ( 0.3)
simultaneously_ipsilateral_adrenalectomy (%) 0 No 422 ( 94.2) 1073 ( 92.7) 0.355 0.059
1 Yes 26 ( 5.8) 84 ( 7.3)
Post_operation_intravesical_CT_instillation (%) 0 No 372 ( 83.0) 1102 ( 95.2) <0.001 0.439
1 術中膀胱灌藥 37 ( 8.3) 6 ( 0.5)
2 術後膀胱灌藥 39 ( 8.7) 49 ( 4.2)
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%) 0 No Complication 284 ( 63.4) 741 ( 64.0) 0.677 0.130
1 Grade I 78 ( 17.4) 174 ( 15.0)
2 Grade II 72 ( 16.1) 187 ( 16.2)
3 Grade IIIa 4 ( 0.9) 11 ( 1.0)
4 Grade IIIb 4 ( 0.9) 21 ( 1.8)
5 Grade IVa 3 ( 0.7) 16 ( 1.4)
6 Grade IVb 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.1)
7 Grade V 3 ( 0.7) 6 ( 0.5)
Disease_free (%) 0 No 341 ( 76.1) 938 ( 81.1) 0.032 0.121
1 Yes 107 ( 23.9) 219 ( 18.9)
Mortality (%) 0 No 321 ( 71.7) 778 ( 67.2) 0.100 0.096
1 Yes 127 ( 28.3) 379 ( 32.8)
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD)) 7.60 (4.16) 8.47 (5.74) 0.004 0.172
診斷年紀 (mean (SD)) 69.38 (10.16) 69.25 (10.11) 0.824 0.012
Followup (mean (SD)) 43.89 (30.48) 51.35 (39.23) <0.001 0.212
Followup_DF (mean (SD)) 31.41 (22.57) 37.20 (30.14) <0.001 0.218

3 Overlap Weighting

After

after overlap weighting
level 1 Robot 2 LPS+LESS p test SMD
n 448.0 1157.0
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%) 0 No Complication 254.1 (56.7) 740.0 (64.0) 0.339 0.229
1 Grade I 79.3 (17.7) 164.3 (14.2)
2 Grade II 101.1 (22.6) 212.1 (18.3)
3 Grade IIIa 8.9 ( 2.0) 11.7 ( 1.0)
4 Grade IIIb 4.2 ( 0.9) 15.8 ( 1.4)
5 Grade IVa 0.1 ( 0.0) 8.5 ( 0.7)
6 Grade IVb 0.0 ( 0.0) 1.0 ( 0.1)
7 Grade V 0.2 ( 0.0) 3.6 ( 0.3)
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD)) 7.36 (3.39) 8.00 (5.24) 0.075 0.144
Mortality (%) 0 No 302.0 (67.4) 809.1 (69.9) 0.587 0.054
1 Yes 146.0 (32.6) 347.9 (30.1)
Followup (mean (SD)) 51.02 (32.44) 51.30 (38.21) 0.933 0.008
Disease_free (%) 0 No 344.8 (77.0) 932.1 (80.6) 0.359 0.088
1 Yes 103.2 (23.0) 224.9 (19.4)
Followup_DF (mean (SD)) 36.61 (24.99) 36.52 (29.49) 0.973 0.003

Before

before overlap weighting
level 1 Robot 2 LPS+LESS p test SMD
n 448 1157
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%) 0 No Complication 284 (63.4) 741 (64.0) 0.677 0.130
1 Grade I 78 (17.4) 174 (15.0)
2 Grade II 72 (16.1) 187 (16.2)
3 Grade IIIa 4 ( 0.9) 11 ( 1.0)
4 Grade IIIb 4 ( 0.9) 21 ( 1.8)
5 Grade IVa 3 ( 0.7) 16 ( 1.4)
6 Grade IVb 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.1)
7 Grade V 3 ( 0.7) 6 ( 0.5)
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD)) 7.60 (4.16) 8.47 (5.74) 0.004 0.172
Mortality (%) 0 No 321 (71.7) 778 (67.2) 0.100 0.096
1 Yes 127 (28.3) 379 (32.8)
Followup (mean (SD)) 43.89 (30.48) 51.35 (39.23) <0.001 0.212
Disease_free (%) 0 No 341 (76.1) 938 (81.1) 0.032 0.121
1 Yes 107 (23.9) 219 (18.9)
Followup_DF (mean (SD)) 31.41 (22.57) 37.20 (30.14) <0.001 0.218

4 Survey Modeling

  • CD：Clavien_Dindo_classification
  • MOR：Mortality
  • DF：Disease_free
  • LOS：術後住院天數_day

4.1 p-value

4.2 coefficients

CD

MOR

DF

LOS

5 Cox Modeling

5.1 Variable Selection

\(\text{Table}\:\text{3.}\) Variable Selection
OS DFS
LASSO AIC LASSO AIC
approach v v v v
ECOG v v v v
性別 v v
BMI v v v v
Cell_Type
左右側
腫瘤位置 v
多發性 v v v
腫瘤大小 v
病理分期 v v v v
完整檢體腫瘤惡性度 v
合併膀胱腫瘤 v v v v
合併CIS v v v
Lymphovascular_invasion v v v v
surgical_margin v v v v
術前水腎 v v
Tumor_Necrosis v v
有無針對UTUC化療 v v v
針對UTUC化療型態 v v v v
化療處方 v v v v
Bladder_cuff_resection v
simultaneously_ipsilateral_adrenalectomy
Post_operation_intravesical_CT_instillation
診斷年紀 v v v v


LASSO (OS)

summary(LASSO.os)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = lasso.os.formula, data = df_suv.os, x = TRUE, 
##     y = TRUE)
## 
##   n= 1605, number of events= 506 
## 
##                              coef exp(coef)  se(coef)      z Pr(>|z|)    
## approach                -0.137479  0.871552  0.127730 -1.076 0.281779    
## ECOG                     0.371936  1.450540  0.060896  6.108 1.01e-09 ***
## 性別                    -0.135021  0.873698  0.092085 -1.466 0.142578    
## BMI                     -0.158584  0.853351  0.095013 -1.669 0.095101 .  
## 腫瘤位置                 0.031727  1.032236  0.053085  0.598 0.550058    
## 多發性                   0.053571  1.055032  0.123102  0.435 0.663433    
## 腫瘤大小                 0.076642  1.079656  0.105223  0.728 0.466379    
## 病理分期                 0.228852  1.257156  0.049770  4.598 4.26e-06 ***
## 完整檢體腫瘤惡性度       0.244877  1.277464  0.182547  1.341 0.179776    
## 合併膀胱腫瘤             0.167919  1.182841  0.052306  3.210 0.001326 ** 
## 合併CIS                 -0.107560  0.898022  0.102148 -1.053 0.292350    
## Lymphovascular_invasion  0.382995  1.466671  0.111130  3.446 0.000568 ***
## surgical_margin          0.601722  1.825259  0.180549  3.333 0.000860 ***
## 術前水腎                 0.209350  1.232876  0.096125  2.178 0.029415 *  
## Tumor_Necrosis           0.169228  1.184390  0.115882  1.460 0.144194    
## 有無針對UTUC化療         0.156155  1.169007  0.142226  1.098 0.272234    
## 針對UTUC化療型態         0.277097  1.319294  0.068612  4.039 5.38e-05 ***
## 化療處方                -0.146790  0.863475  0.036290 -4.045 5.23e-05 ***
## Bladder_cuff_resection  -0.046923  0.954160  0.032237 -1.456 0.145514    
## 診斷年紀                 0.043965  1.044946  0.005074  8.666  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                         exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach                   0.8716     1.1474    0.6785    1.1195
## ECOG                       1.4505     0.6894    1.2873    1.6344
## 性別                       0.8737     1.1446    0.7294    1.0465
## BMI                        0.8534     1.1719    0.7084    1.0280
## 腫瘤位置                   1.0322     0.9688    0.9302    1.1454
## 多發性                     1.0550     0.9478    0.8289    1.3429
## 腫瘤大小                   1.0797     0.9262    0.8785    1.3269
## 病理分期                   1.2572     0.7954    1.1403    1.3860
## 完整檢體腫瘤惡性度         1.2775     0.7828    0.8932    1.8270
## 合併膀胱腫瘤               1.1828     0.8454    1.0676    1.3105
## 合併CIS                    0.8980     1.1136    0.7351    1.0971
## Lymphovascular_invasion    1.4667     0.6818    1.1796    1.8236
## surgical_margin            1.8253     0.5479    1.2813    2.6002
## 術前水腎                   1.2329     0.8111    1.0212    1.4885
## Tumor_Necrosis             1.1844     0.8443    0.9437    1.4864
## 有無針對UTUC化療           1.1690     0.8554    0.8846    1.5448
## 針對UTUC化療型態           1.3193     0.7580    1.1533    1.5092
## 化療處方                   0.8635     1.1581    0.8042    0.9271
## Bladder_cuff_resection     0.9542     1.0480    0.8957    1.0164
## 診斷年紀                   1.0449     0.9570    1.0346    1.0554
## 
## Concordance= 0.728  (se = 0.012 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 328.3  on 20 df,   p=<2e-16
## Wald test            = 345.3  on 20 df,   p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 371.8  on 20 df,   p=<2e-16

AIC (OS)

summary(AIC.os)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = Surv(Followup, Mor) ~ approach + ECOG + 性別 + 
##     BMI + 病理分期 + 合併膀胱腫瘤 + Lymphovascular_invasion + 
##     surgical_margin + 術前水腎 + Tumor_Necrosis + 針對UTUC化療型態 + 
##     化療處方 + 診斷年紀, data = df_suv.os, x = TRUE, 
##     y = TRUE)
## 
##   n= 1605, number of events= 506 
## 
##                              coef exp(coef)  se(coef)      z Pr(>|z|)    
## approach                -0.024223  0.976068  0.104530 -0.232 0.816747    
## ECOG                     0.360830  1.434519  0.060597  5.955 2.61e-09 ***
## 性別                    -0.132729  0.875702  0.091735 -1.447 0.147933    
## BMI                     -0.133134  0.875348  0.094098 -1.415 0.157117    
## 病理分期                 0.254740  1.290126  0.046959  5.425 5.80e-08 ***
## 合併膀胱腫瘤             0.175269  1.191566  0.051240  3.421 0.000625 ***
## Lymphovascular_invasion  0.382285  1.465630  0.110655  3.455 0.000551 ***
## surgical_margin          0.582254  1.790069  0.178685  3.259 0.001120 ** 
## 術前水腎                 0.229258  1.257667  0.093519  2.451 0.014228 *  
## Tumor_Necrosis           0.189576  1.208737  0.114992  1.649 0.099228 .  
## 針對UTUC化療型態         0.309129  1.362238  0.057175  5.407 6.42e-08 ***
## 化療處方                -0.128218  0.879662  0.035031 -3.660 0.000252 ***
## 診斷年紀                 0.043933  1.044912  0.005036  8.724  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                         exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach                   0.9761     1.0245    0.7953    1.1980
## ECOG                       1.4345     0.6971    1.2739    1.6154
## 性別                       0.8757     1.1419    0.7316    1.0482
## BMI                        0.8753     1.1424    0.7279    1.0526
## 病理分期                   1.2901     0.7751    1.1767    1.4145
## 合併膀胱腫瘤               1.1916     0.8392    1.0777    1.3174
## Lymphovascular_invasion    1.4656     0.6823    1.1799    1.8206
## surgical_margin            1.7901     0.5586    1.2612    2.5408
## 術前水腎                   1.2577     0.7951    1.0470    1.5107
## Tumor_Necrosis             1.2087     0.8273    0.9648    1.5143
## 針對UTUC化療型態           1.3622     0.7341    1.2178    1.5238
## 化療處方                   0.8797     1.1368    0.8213    0.9422
## 診斷年紀                   1.0449     0.9570    1.0346    1.0553
## 
## Concordance= 0.726  (se = 0.012 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 320.4  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16
## Wald test            = 344.5  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 366.6  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16

LASSO (DFS)

summary(LASSO.dfs)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = lasso.dfs.formula, data = df_suv.dfs, x = TRUE, 
##     y = TRUE)
## 
##   n= 1605, number of events= 326 
## 
##                              coef exp(coef)  se(coef)      z Pr(>|z|)    
## approach                -0.316882  0.728417  0.120319 -2.634 0.008447 ** 
## ECOG                     0.118258  1.125535  0.082409  1.435 0.151283    
## BMI                     -0.310970  0.732736  0.119109 -2.611 0.009033 ** 
## 多發性                   0.160462  1.174053  0.112609  1.425 0.154172    
## 病理分期                 0.506377  1.659269  0.066229  7.646 2.08e-14 ***
## 合併膀胱腫瘤             0.281779  1.325485  0.063852  4.413 1.02e-05 ***
## 合併CIS                 -0.351695  0.703495  0.127525 -2.758 0.005818 ** 
## Lymphovascular_invasion  0.392569  1.480780  0.128543  3.054 0.002258 ** 
## surgical_margin          0.652325  1.919999  0.193238  3.376 0.000736 ***
## 有無針對UTUC化療        -0.355006  0.701170  0.238931 -1.486 0.137329    
## 針對UTUC化療型態         0.607087  1.835078  0.074844  8.111 5.01e-16 ***
## 化療處方                -0.088771  0.915055  0.036138 -2.456 0.014032 *  
## 診斷年紀                 0.025623  1.025954  0.006045  4.239 2.25e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                         exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach                   0.7284     1.3728    0.5754    0.9221
## ECOG                       1.1255     0.8885    0.9577    1.3228
## BMI                        0.7327     1.3647    0.5802    0.9254
## 多發性                     1.1741     0.8518    0.9415    1.4640
## 病理分期                   1.6593     0.6027    1.4573    1.8893
## 合併膀胱腫瘤               1.3255     0.7544    1.1696    1.5022
## 合併CIS                    0.7035     1.4215    0.5479    0.9033
## Lymphovascular_invasion    1.4808     0.6753    1.1510    1.9051
## surgical_margin            1.9200     0.5208    1.3147    2.8040
## 有無針對UTUC化療           0.7012     1.4262    0.4390    1.1200
## 針對UTUC化療型態           1.8351     0.5449    1.5847    2.1250
## 化療處方                   0.9151     1.0928    0.8525    0.9822
## 診斷年紀                   1.0260     0.9747    1.0139    1.0382
## 
## Concordance= 0.798  (se = 0.013 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 395.8  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16
## Wald test            = 415.5  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 522.5  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16

AIC (DFS)

summary(AIC.dfs)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = Surv(Followup_DF, DF) ~ approach + ECOG + BMI + 
##     多發性 + 病理分期 + 合併膀胱腫瘤 + 合併CIS + 
##     Lymphovascular_invasion + surgical_margin + 有無針對UTUC化療 + 
##     針對UTUC化療型態 + 化療處方 + 診斷年紀, data = df_suv.dfs, 
##     x = TRUE, y = TRUE)
## 
##   n= 1605, number of events= 326 
## 
##                              coef exp(coef)  se(coef)      z Pr(>|z|)    
## approach                -0.316882  0.728417  0.120319 -2.634 0.008447 ** 
## ECOG                     0.118258  1.125535  0.082409  1.435 0.151283    
## BMI                     -0.310970  0.732736  0.119109 -2.611 0.009033 ** 
## 多發性                   0.160462  1.174053  0.112609  1.425 0.154172    
## 病理分期                 0.506377  1.659269  0.066229  7.646 2.08e-14 ***
## 合併膀胱腫瘤             0.281779  1.325485  0.063852  4.413 1.02e-05 ***
## 合併CIS                 -0.351695  0.703495  0.127525 -2.758 0.005818 ** 
## Lymphovascular_invasion  0.392569  1.480780  0.128543  3.054 0.002258 ** 
## surgical_margin          0.652325  1.919999  0.193238  3.376 0.000736 ***
## 有無針對UTUC化療        -0.355006  0.701170  0.238931 -1.486 0.137329    
## 針對UTUC化療型態         0.607087  1.835078  0.074844  8.111 5.01e-16 ***
## 化療處方                -0.088771  0.915055  0.036138 -2.456 0.014032 *  
## 診斷年紀                 0.025623  1.025954  0.006045  4.239 2.25e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
##                         exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach                   0.7284     1.3728    0.5754    0.9221
## ECOG                       1.1255     0.8885    0.9577    1.3228
## BMI                        0.7327     1.3647    0.5802    0.9254
## 多發性                     1.1741     0.8518    0.9415    1.4640
## 病理分期                   1.6593     0.6027    1.4573    1.8893
## 合併膀胱腫瘤               1.3255     0.7544    1.1696    1.5022
## 合併CIS                    0.7035     1.4215    0.5479    0.9033
## Lymphovascular_invasion    1.4808     0.6753    1.1510    1.9051
## surgical_margin            1.9200     0.5208    1.3147    2.8040
## 有無針對UTUC化療           0.7012     1.4262    0.4390    1.1200
## 針對UTUC化療型態           1.8351     0.5449    1.5847    2.1250
## 化療處方                   0.9151     1.0928    0.8525    0.9822
## 診斷年紀                   1.0260     0.9747    1.0139    1.0382
## 
## Concordance= 0.798  (se = 0.013 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 395.8  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16
## Wald test            = 415.5  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 522.5  on 13 df,   p=<2e-16

5.2 Survival Curve

OS

DFS

6 Survival Curve

OS.2y

OS.5y

DFS.2y

DFS.5y