1 Data
\(\text{Table}\:\text{1.}\) Robot vs
LPS+LESS
|
|
Robot
|
LPS+LESS
|
|
|
NxUx
|
454
|
1532
|
1986
|
|
Segmental
|
25
|
13
|
38
|
|
|
479
|
1545
|
2024
|
1.1 Baseline
Patient’s Baseline Characteristics
|
|
level
|
1 ROBOT
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
p
|
test
|
SMD
|
|
n
|
|
479
|
1545
|
|
|
|
|
NUx (%)
|
1 ROBOT
|
454 (94.8)
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
<0.001
|
|
16.493
|
|
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
1532 (99.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
25 ( 5.2)
|
13 ( 0.8)
|
|
|
|
|
Segmental (%)
|
1 ROBOT
|
25 ( 5.2)
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.357
|
|
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
13 ( 0.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
454 (94.8)
|
1532 (99.2)
|
|
|
|
|
ECOG (%)
|
0 無症狀
|
248 (51.8)
|
609 (39.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.521
|
|
|
1 有症狀,可步行對生活不影響
|
187 (39.0)
|
536 (34.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 躺在床上時間小於50%
|
22 ( 4.6)
|
83 ( 5.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 躺在床上時間大於50%
|
3 ( 0.6)
|
9 ( 0.6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 完全臥床
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
4 ( 0.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
19 ( 4.0)
|
304 (19.7)
|
|
|
|
|
性別 (%)
|
1 男
|
202 (42.2)
|
636 (41.2)
|
0.736
|
|
0.020
|
|
|
2 女
|
277 (57.8)
|
909 (58.8)
|
|
|
|
|
BMI (%)
|
1 Normal
|
228 (47.6)
|
582 (37.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.321
|
|
|
2 Overweight
|
133 (27.8)
|
354 (22.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
118 (24.6)
|
609 (39.4)
|
|
|
|
|
Cell_Type (%)
|
1 urothelial
|
414 (86.4)
|
1390 (90.0)
|
0.090
|
|
0.111
|
|
|
5 UC with variants (Squamous cell, glandular, sarcomatous, micro
papillary, neuroendocrine, lymphoepithelial)
|
61 (12.7)
|
147 ( 9.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 others
|
4 ( 0.8)
|
8 ( 0.5)
|
|
|
|
|
左右側 (%)
|
1 左
|
249 (52.0)
|
802 (51.9)
|
0.990
|
|
0.008
|
|
|
2 右
|
223 (46.6)
|
719 (46.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 雙側
|
7 ( 1.5)
|
24 ( 1.6)
|
|
|
|
|
腫瘤位置 (%)
|
0 non-visible
|
1 ( 0.2)
|
1 ( 0.1)
|
0.517
|
|
0.104
|
|
|
1 腎盂
|
186 (38.8)
|
655 (42.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 輸尿管
|
175 (36.5)
|
500 (32.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 膀胱袖口
|
1 ( 0.2)
|
2 ( 0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 多個位置
|
115 (24.0)
|
385 (24.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 無法識別
|
1 ( 0.2)
|
2 ( 0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
多發性 (%)
|
0 Not available
|
19 ( 4.0)
|
92 ( 6.0)
|
0.246
|
|
0.092
|
|
|
1 No
|
295 (61.6)
|
936 (60.6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Yes
|
165 (34.4)
|
517 (33.5)
|
|
|
|
|
腫瘤大小 (%)
|
0 Not available
|
7 ( 1.5)
|
56 ( 3.6)
|
0.050
|
|
0.141
|
|
|
1 <2cm
|
153 (31.9)
|
462 (29.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 >=2cm
|
319 (66.6)
|
1027 (66.5)
|
|
|
|
|
病理分期 (%)
|
1 stage 0a/0is
|
73 (15.2)
|
241 (15.6)
|
0.018
|
|
0.185
|
|
|
2 stage I
|
118 (24.6)
|
436 (28.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 stage II
|
79 (16.5)
|
296 (19.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 stage III
|
144 (30.1)
|
442 (28.6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 stage IV
|
52 (10.9)
|
106 ( 6.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
13 ( 2.7)
|
24 ( 1.6)
|
|
|
|
|
完整檢體腫瘤惡性度 (%)
|
1 papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
|
1 ( 0.2)
|
1 ( 0.1)
|
0.185
|
|
0.124
|
|
|
2 low grade
|
47 ( 9.8)
|
140 ( 9.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 high grade
|
418 (87.3)
|
1372 (88.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Gx
|
2 ( 0.4)
|
15 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
11 ( 2.3)
|
17 ( 1.1)
|
|
|
|
|
合併膀胱腫瘤 (%)
|
0 No
|
356 (74.3)
|
1078 (69.8)
|
0.096
|
|
0.159
|
|
|
1 Previous Hx of bladder UC
|
33 ( 6.9)
|
114 ( 7.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Concurrent Bladder UC
|
70 (14.6)
|
261 (16.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Not available
|
14 ( 2.9)
|
41 ( 2.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
6 ( 1.3)
|
51 ( 3.3)
|
|
|
|
|
合併CIS (%)
|
0 No
|
323 (67.4)
|
1060 (68.6)
|
0.062
|
|
0.133
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
149 (31.1)
|
434 (28.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
7 ( 1.5)
|
51 ( 3.3)
|
|
|
|
|
Lymphovascular_invasion (%)
|
0 No
|
366 (76.4)
|
1256 (81.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.189
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
92 (19.2)
|
267 (17.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
21 ( 4.4)
|
22 ( 1.4)
|
|
|
|
|
surgical_margin (%)
|
0 free
|
449 (93.7)
|
1472 (95.3)
|
0.066
|
|
0.117
|
|
|
1 positive
|
26 ( 5.4)
|
51 ( 3.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
4 ( 0.8)
|
22 ( 1.4)
|
|
|
|
|
術前水腎 (%)
|
1 No
|
207 (43.2)
|
719 (46.5)
|
0.137
|
|
0.106
|
|
|
2 Yes
|
258 (53.9)
|
761 (49.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
14 ( 2.9)
|
65 ( 4.2)
|
|
|
|
|
Tumor_Necrosis (%)
|
0 No
|
412 (86.0)
|
1133 (73.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.439
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
57 (11.9)
|
208 (13.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
10 ( 2.1)
|
204 (13.2)
|
|
|
|
|
有無針對UTUC化療 (%)
|
0 No
|
321 (67.0)
|
1075 (69.6)
|
0.018
|
|
0.155
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
148 (30.9)
|
404 (26.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Not available
|
10 ( 2.1)
|
66 ( 4.3)
|
|
|
|
|
針對UTUC化療型態 (%)
|
0 No & Unknown
|
331 (69.1)
|
1139 (73.7)
|
0.008
|
|
0.176
|
|
|
1 neo-adjuvant
|
20 ( 4.2)
|
42 ( 2.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 adjuvant
|
92 (19.2)
|
297 (19.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 salvage (curative intent)
|
13 ( 2.7)
|
15 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 palliative (S/S relieve)
|
23 ( 4.8)
|
52 ( 3.4)
|
|
|
|
|
化療處方 (%)
|
0 No & Unknown
|
336 (70.1)
|
1150 (74.4)
|
0.079
|
|
0.151
|
|
|
1 Gemcitabine & cisplatin
|
39 ( 8.1)
|
125 ( 8.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 MVAC
|
10 ( 2.1)
|
11 ( 0.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Taxans-based
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
1 ( 0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Carboplatin-based
|
49 (10.2)
|
141 ( 9.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 others
|
45 ( 9.4)
|
117 ( 7.6)
|
|
|
|
|
Bladder_cuff_resection (%)
|
0 Not perform BCR
|
11 ( 2.3)
|
47 ( 3.0)
|
<0.001
|
|
2.194
|
|
|
1 Open incision
|
92 (19.2)
|
1027 (66.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Transurethral incision
|
9 ( 1.9)
|
55 ( 3.6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Laparoscopy
|
6 ( 1.3)
|
306 (19.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 Robot assisted
|
321 (67.0)
|
5 ( 0.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
40 ( 8.4)
|
105 ( 6.8)
|
|
|
|
|
simultaneously_ipsilateral_adrenalectomy (%)
|
0 No
|
408 (85.2)
|
1205 (78.0)
|
0.001
|
|
0.202
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
26 ( 5.4)
|
95 ( 6.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
45 ( 9.4)
|
245 (15.9)
|
|
|
|
|
Post_operation_intravesical_CT_instillation (%)
|
1 No
|
356 (74.3)
|
1370 (88.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.477
|
|
|
2 術中膀胱灌藥
|
41 ( 8.6)
|
6 ( 0.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 術後膀胱灌藥
|
38 ( 7.9)
|
51 ( 3.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
44 ( 9.2)
|
118 ( 7.6)
|
|
|
|
|
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%)
|
0 No Complication
|
284 (59.3)
|
905 (58.6)
|
0.011
|
|
0.243
|
|
|
1 Grade I
|
78 (16.3)
|
175 (11.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Grade II
|
76 (15.9)
|
239 (15.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Grade IIIa
|
4 ( 0.8)
|
14 ( 0.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Grade IIIb
|
4 ( 0.8)
|
21 ( 1.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 Grade IVa
|
3 ( 0.6)
|
16 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 Grade IVb
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
1 ( 0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 Grade V
|
3 ( 0.6)
|
6 ( 0.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
27 ( 5.6)
|
168 (10.9)
|
|
|
|
|
Disease_free (%)
|
0 No
|
361 (75.4)
|
1281 (82.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.187
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
118 (24.6)
|
264 (17.1)
|
|
|
|
|
Mortality (%)
|
0 No
|
340 (71.0)
|
924 (59.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.237
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
139 (29.0)
|
621 (40.2)
|
|
|
|
|
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD))
|
|
7.60 (4.16)
|
8.44 (5.67)
|
0.004
|
|
0.168
|
|
手術到死亡間隔時間_月 (mean (SD))
|
|
24.10 (17.50)
|
38.73 (32.69)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.558
|
|
診斷年紀 (mean (SD))
|
|
69.29 (10.23)
|
68.74 (10.49)
|
0.309
|
|
0.054
|
|
Followup (mean (SD))
|
|
48.01 (95.82)
|
52.86 (40.04)
|
0.115
|
|
0.066
|
|
Followup_DF (mean (SD))
|
|
31.35 (22.81)
|
39.23 (31.63)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.286
|
2 Imputation
We utilize MICE to impute the missing value, since too
much missing value.
2.1 MICE
To address missing data, we employed Multivariate Imputation by
Chained Equations (MICE), a widely used technique for imputing missing
values in com- plex datasets. As described by Rubin (2004) and Schafer
(1999), MICE operates under the assumption that the data are missing at
random (MAR) and provides a flexible framework for handling missing
values across various conditions. The method iteratively imputes missing
values by specifying a series of conditional models, one for each
variable with missing data, based on the observed data and the imputed
values from previous iterations.
Van Buuren and Oudshoorn (2000) introduced the MICE algorithm imple-
mented in R, which combines various imputation techniques such as
predictive mean matching, random forests, and k-nearest neighbors (kNN)
to estimate miss- ing values accurately. The iterative process continues
until convergence is reached, ensuring that the imputed data sets
preserve the statistical properties of the original incomplete data.
\(\text{Table}\:\text{2.}\) Robot vs
LPS+LESS after imputing and cleaning
|
|
Robot
|
LPS+LESS
|
|
|
NxUx
|
424
|
1147
|
1571
|
|
Segmental
|
24
|
10
|
34
|
|
|
448
|
1157
|
1605
|
Patient’s Baseline after MICE
|
|
level
|
1 Robot
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
p
|
test
|
SMD
|
|
n
|
|
448
|
1157
|
|
|
|
|
NUx (%)
|
1 ROBOT
|
424 (100.0)
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
<0.001
|
|
NaN
|
|
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
1147 (100.0)
|
|
|
|
|
Segmental (%)
|
1 ROBOT
|
24 (100.0)
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
<0.001
|
|
NaN
|
|
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
10 (100.0)
|
|
|
|
|
ECOG (%)
|
0 無症狀
|
248 ( 55.4)
|
564 ( 48.7)
|
0.077
|
|
0.173
|
|
|
1 有症狀,可步行對生活不影響
|
176 ( 39.3)
|
501 ( 43.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 躺在床上時間小於50%
|
21 ( 4.7)
|
77 ( 6.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 躺在床上時間大於50%
|
3 ( 0.7)
|
9 ( 0.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 完全臥床
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
6 ( 0.5)
|
|
|
|
|
性別 (%)
|
1 男
|
188 ( 42.0)
|
473 ( 40.9)
|
0.735
|
|
0.022
|
|
|
2 女
|
260 ( 58.0)
|
684 ( 59.1)
|
|
|
|
|
BMI (%)
|
1 Normal
|
287 ( 64.1)
|
709 ( 61.3)
|
0.330
|
|
0.058
|
|
|
2 Overweight
|
161 ( 35.9)
|
448 ( 38.7)
|
|
|
|
|
Cell_Type (%)
|
1 urothelial
|
386 ( 86.2)
|
1017 ( 87.9)
|
0.412
|
|
0.070
|
|
|
5 UC with variants
|
58 ( 12.9)
|
135 ( 11.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 others
|
4 ( 0.9)
|
5 ( 0.4)
|
|
|
|
|
左右側 (%)
|
1 左
|
227 ( 50.7)
|
608 ( 52.5)
|
0.795
|
|
0.038
|
|
|
2 右
|
214 ( 47.8)
|
532 ( 46.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 雙側
|
7 ( 1.6)
|
17 ( 1.5)
|
|
|
|
|
腫瘤位置 (%)
|
0 non-visible
|
1 ( 0.2)
|
1 ( 0.1)
|
0.760
|
|
0.074
|
|
|
1 腎盂
|
174 ( 38.8)
|
484 ( 41.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 輸尿管
|
163 ( 36.4)
|
391 ( 33.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 膀胱袖口
|
1 ( 0.2)
|
2 ( 0.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 多個位置
|
109 ( 24.3)
|
279 ( 24.1)
|
|
|
|
|
多發性 (%)
|
0 Not available
|
10 ( 2.2)
|
20 ( 1.7)
|
0.560
|
|
0.059
|
|
|
1 No
|
279 ( 62.3)
|
750 ( 64.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Yes
|
159 ( 35.5)
|
387 ( 33.4)
|
|
|
|
|
腫瘤大小 (%)
|
0 Not available
|
5 ( 1.1)
|
10 ( 0.9)
|
0.197
|
|
0.099
|
|
|
1 <2cm
|
144 ( 32.1)
|
322 ( 27.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 >=2cm
|
299 ( 66.7)
|
825 ( 71.3)
|
|
|
|
|
病理分期 (%)
|
1 stage 0a/0is
|
76 ( 17.0)
|
205 ( 17.7)
|
0.243
|
|
0.126
|
|
|
2 stage I
|
115 ( 25.7)
|
296 ( 25.6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 stage II
|
74 ( 16.5)
|
218 ( 18.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 stage III
|
136 ( 30.4)
|
355 ( 30.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 stage IV
|
47 ( 10.5)
|
83 ( 7.2)
|
|
|
|
|
完整檢體腫瘤惡性度 (%)
|
1 papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
|
1 ( 0.2)
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
0.394
|
|
0.075
|
|
|
2 low grade
|
48 ( 10.7)
|
126 ( 10.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 high grade
|
395 ( 88.2)
|
1024 ( 88.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Gx
|
4 ( 0.9)
|
7 ( 0.6)
|
|
|
|
|
合併膀胱腫瘤 (%)
|
0 No
|
341 ( 76.1)
|
857 ( 74.1)
|
0.745
|
|
0.063
|
|
|
1 Previous Hx of bladder UC
|
30 ( 6.7)
|
95 ( 8.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Concurrent Bladder UC
|
68 ( 15.2)
|
179 ( 15.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Not available
|
9 ( 2.0)
|
26 ( 2.2)
|
|
|
|
|
合併CIS (%)
|
0 No
|
311 ( 69.4)
|
822 ( 71.0)
|
0.562
|
|
0.036
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
137 ( 30.6)
|
335 ( 29.0)
|
|
|
|
|
Lymphovascular_invasion (%)
|
0 No
|
359 ( 80.1)
|
946 ( 81.8)
|
0.497
|
|
0.041
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
89 ( 19.9)
|
211 ( 18.2)
|
|
|
|
|
surgical_margin (%)
|
0 Free
|
423 ( 94.4)
|
1121 ( 96.9)
|
0.030
|
|
0.121
|
|
|
1 Positive
|
25 ( 5.6)
|
36 ( 3.1)
|
|
|
|
|
術前水腎 (%)
|
0 No
|
197 ( 44.0)
|
512 ( 44.3)
|
0.964
|
|
0.006
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
251 ( 56.0)
|
645 ( 55.7)
|
|
|
|
|
Tumor_Necrosis (%)
|
0 No
|
391 ( 87.3)
|
983 ( 85.0)
|
0.269
|
|
0.067
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
57 ( 12.7)
|
174 ( 15.0)
|
|
|
|
|
有無針對UTUC化療 (%)
|
0 No
|
309 ( 69.0)
|
824 ( 71.2)
|
0.675
|
|
0.049
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
133 ( 29.7)
|
319 ( 27.6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Not available
|
6 ( 1.3)
|
14 ( 1.2)
|
|
|
|
|
針對UTUC化療型態 (%)
|
0 No & Unknown
|
315 ( 70.3)
|
836 ( 72.3)
|
0.167
|
|
0.132
|
|
|
1 neo-adjuvant
|
18 ( 4.0)
|
37 ( 3.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 adjuvant
|
84 ( 18.8)
|
233 ( 20.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 salvage (curative intent)
|
10 ( 2.2)
|
11 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 palliative (S/S relieve)
|
21 ( 4.7)
|
40 ( 3.5)
|
|
|
|
|
化療處方 (%)
|
0 No & Unknown
|
319 ( 71.2)
|
842 ( 72.8)
|
NaN
|
|
0.144
|
|
|
1 Gemcitabine & cisplatin
|
32 ( 7.1)
|
109 ( 9.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 MVAC
|
10 ( 2.2)
|
11 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Taxans-based
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 others
|
87 ( 19.4)
|
195 ( 16.9)
|
|
|
|
|
Bladder_cuff_resection (%)
|
0 Not perform BCR
|
12 ( 2.7)
|
47 ( 4.1)
|
<0.001
|
|
2.409
|
|
|
1 Open incision
|
91 ( 20.3)
|
763 ( 65.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Transurethral incision
|
11 ( 2.5)
|
57 ( 4.9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Laparoscopy
|
6 ( 1.3)
|
286 ( 24.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 Robot assisted
|
328 ( 73.2)
|
4 ( 0.3)
|
|
|
|
|
simultaneously_ipsilateral_adrenalectomy (%)
|
0 No
|
422 ( 94.2)
|
1073 ( 92.7)
|
0.355
|
|
0.059
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
26 ( 5.8)
|
84 ( 7.3)
|
|
|
|
|
Post_operation_intravesical_CT_instillation (%)
|
0 No
|
372 ( 83.0)
|
1102 ( 95.2)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.439
|
|
|
1 術中膀胱灌藥
|
37 ( 8.3)
|
6 ( 0.5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 術後膀胱灌藥
|
39 ( 8.7)
|
49 ( 4.2)
|
|
|
|
|
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%)
|
0 No Complication
|
284 ( 63.4)
|
741 ( 64.0)
|
0.677
|
|
0.130
|
|
|
1 Grade I
|
78 ( 17.4)
|
174 ( 15.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Grade II
|
72 ( 16.1)
|
187 ( 16.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Grade IIIa
|
4 ( 0.9)
|
11 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Grade IIIb
|
4 ( 0.9)
|
21 ( 1.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 Grade IVa
|
3 ( 0.7)
|
16 ( 1.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 Grade IVb
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
1 ( 0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 Grade V
|
3 ( 0.7)
|
6 ( 0.5)
|
|
|
|
|
Disease_free (%)
|
0 No
|
341 ( 76.1)
|
938 ( 81.1)
|
0.032
|
|
0.121
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
107 ( 23.9)
|
219 ( 18.9)
|
|
|
|
|
Mortality (%)
|
0 No
|
321 ( 71.7)
|
778 ( 67.2)
|
0.100
|
|
0.096
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
127 ( 28.3)
|
379 ( 32.8)
|
|
|
|
|
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD))
|
|
7.60 (4.16)
|
8.47 (5.74)
|
0.004
|
|
0.172
|
|
診斷年紀 (mean (SD))
|
|
69.38 (10.16)
|
69.25 (10.11)
|
0.824
|
|
0.012
|
|
Followup (mean (SD))
|
|
43.89 (30.48)
|
51.35 (39.23)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.212
|
|
Followup_DF (mean (SD))
|
|
31.41 (22.57)
|
37.20 (30.14)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.218
|
3 Overlap Weighting

After
after overlap weighting
|
|
level
|
1 Robot
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
p
|
test
|
SMD
|
|
n
|
|
448.0
|
1157.0
|
|
|
|
|
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%)
|
0 No Complication
|
254.1 (56.7)
|
740.0 (64.0)
|
0.339
|
|
0.229
|
|
|
1 Grade I
|
79.3 (17.7)
|
164.3 (14.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Grade II
|
101.1 (22.6)
|
212.1 (18.3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Grade IIIa
|
8.9 ( 2.0)
|
11.7 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Grade IIIb
|
4.2 ( 0.9)
|
15.8 ( 1.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 Grade IVa
|
0.1 ( 0.0)
|
8.5 ( 0.7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 Grade IVb
|
0.0 ( 0.0)
|
1.0 ( 0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 Grade V
|
0.2 ( 0.0)
|
3.6 ( 0.3)
|
|
|
|
|
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD))
|
|
7.36 (3.39)
|
8.00 (5.24)
|
0.075
|
|
0.144
|
|
Mortality (%)
|
0 No
|
302.0 (67.4)
|
809.1 (69.9)
|
0.587
|
|
0.054
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
146.0 (32.6)
|
347.9 (30.1)
|
|
|
|
|
Followup (mean (SD))
|
|
51.02 (32.44)
|
51.30 (38.21)
|
0.933
|
|
0.008
|
|
Disease_free (%)
|
0 No
|
344.8 (77.0)
|
932.1 (80.6)
|
0.359
|
|
0.088
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
103.2 (23.0)
|
224.9 (19.4)
|
|
|
|
|
Followup_DF (mean (SD))
|
|
36.61 (24.99)
|
36.52 (29.49)
|
0.973
|
|
0.003
|
Before
before overlap weighting
|
|
level
|
1 Robot
|
2 LPS+LESS
|
p
|
test
|
SMD
|
|
n
|
|
448
|
1157
|
|
|
|
|
Clavien_Dindo_classification (%)
|
0 No Complication
|
284 (63.4)
|
741 (64.0)
|
0.677
|
|
0.130
|
|
|
1 Grade I
|
78 (17.4)
|
174 (15.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Grade II
|
72 (16.1)
|
187 (16.2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 Grade IIIa
|
4 ( 0.9)
|
11 ( 1.0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 Grade IIIb
|
4 ( 0.9)
|
21 ( 1.8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 Grade IVa
|
3 ( 0.7)
|
16 ( 1.4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 Grade IVb
|
0 ( 0.0)
|
1 ( 0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 Grade V
|
3 ( 0.7)
|
6 ( 0.5)
|
|
|
|
|
術後住院天數_day (mean (SD))
|
|
7.60 (4.16)
|
8.47 (5.74)
|
0.004
|
|
0.172
|
|
Mortality (%)
|
0 No
|
321 (71.7)
|
778 (67.2)
|
0.100
|
|
0.096
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
127 (28.3)
|
379 (32.8)
|
|
|
|
|
Followup (mean (SD))
|
|
43.89 (30.48)
|
51.35 (39.23)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.212
|
|
Disease_free (%)
|
0 No
|
341 (76.1)
|
938 (81.1)
|
0.032
|
|
0.121
|
|
|
1 Yes
|
107 (23.9)
|
219 (18.9)
|
|
|
|
|
Followup_DF (mean (SD))
|
|
31.41 (22.57)
|
37.20 (30.14)
|
<0.001
|
|
0.218
|
4 Survey Modeling
- CD:Clavien_Dindo_classification
- MOR:Mortality
- DF:Disease_free
- LOS:術後住院天數_day
4.1 p-value

4.2 coefficients
CD

MOR

DF

LOS

5 Cox Modeling
5.1 Variable Selection
\(\text{Table}\:\text{3.}\) Variable
Selection
|
|
OS
|
DFS
|
|
|
LASSO
|
AIC
|
LASSO
|
AIC
|
|
approach
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
ECOG
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
性別
|
v
|
v
|
|
|
|
BMI
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
Cell_Type
|
|
|
|
|
|
左右側
|
|
|
|
|
|
腫瘤位置
|
v
|
|
|
|
|
多發性
|
v
|
|
v
|
v
|
|
腫瘤大小
|
v
|
|
|
|
|
病理分期
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
完整檢體腫瘤惡性度
|
v
|
|
|
|
|
合併膀胱腫瘤
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
合併CIS
|
v
|
|
v
|
v
|
|
Lymphovascular_invasion
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
surgical_margin
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
術前水腎
|
v
|
v
|
|
|
|
Tumor_Necrosis
|
v
|
v
|
|
|
|
有無針對UTUC化療
|
v
|
|
v
|
v
|
|
針對UTUC化療型態
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
化療處方
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
|
Bladder_cuff_resection
|
v
|
|
|
|
|
simultaneously_ipsilateral_adrenalectomy
|
|
|
|
|
|
Post_operation_intravesical_CT_instillation
|
|
|
|
|
|
診斷年紀
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
LASSO (OS)
summary(LASSO.os)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = lasso.os.formula, data = df_suv.os, x = TRUE,
## y = TRUE)
##
## n= 1605, number of events= 506
##
## coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
## approach -0.137479 0.871552 0.127730 -1.076 0.281779
## ECOG 0.371936 1.450540 0.060896 6.108 1.01e-09 ***
## 性別 -0.135021 0.873698 0.092085 -1.466 0.142578
## BMI -0.158584 0.853351 0.095013 -1.669 0.095101 .
## 腫瘤位置 0.031727 1.032236 0.053085 0.598 0.550058
## 多發性 0.053571 1.055032 0.123102 0.435 0.663433
## 腫瘤大小 0.076642 1.079656 0.105223 0.728 0.466379
## 病理分期 0.228852 1.257156 0.049770 4.598 4.26e-06 ***
## 完整檢體腫瘤惡性度 0.244877 1.277464 0.182547 1.341 0.179776
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 0.167919 1.182841 0.052306 3.210 0.001326 **
## 合併CIS -0.107560 0.898022 0.102148 -1.053 0.292350
## Lymphovascular_invasion 0.382995 1.466671 0.111130 3.446 0.000568 ***
## surgical_margin 0.601722 1.825259 0.180549 3.333 0.000860 ***
## 術前水腎 0.209350 1.232876 0.096125 2.178 0.029415 *
## Tumor_Necrosis 0.169228 1.184390 0.115882 1.460 0.144194
## 有無針對UTUC化療 0.156155 1.169007 0.142226 1.098 0.272234
## 針對UTUC化療型態 0.277097 1.319294 0.068612 4.039 5.38e-05 ***
## 化療處方 -0.146790 0.863475 0.036290 -4.045 5.23e-05 ***
## Bladder_cuff_resection -0.046923 0.954160 0.032237 -1.456 0.145514
## 診斷年紀 0.043965 1.044946 0.005074 8.666 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach 0.8716 1.1474 0.6785 1.1195
## ECOG 1.4505 0.6894 1.2873 1.6344
## 性別 0.8737 1.1446 0.7294 1.0465
## BMI 0.8534 1.1719 0.7084 1.0280
## 腫瘤位置 1.0322 0.9688 0.9302 1.1454
## 多發性 1.0550 0.9478 0.8289 1.3429
## 腫瘤大小 1.0797 0.9262 0.8785 1.3269
## 病理分期 1.2572 0.7954 1.1403 1.3860
## 完整檢體腫瘤惡性度 1.2775 0.7828 0.8932 1.8270
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 1.1828 0.8454 1.0676 1.3105
## 合併CIS 0.8980 1.1136 0.7351 1.0971
## Lymphovascular_invasion 1.4667 0.6818 1.1796 1.8236
## surgical_margin 1.8253 0.5479 1.2813 2.6002
## 術前水腎 1.2329 0.8111 1.0212 1.4885
## Tumor_Necrosis 1.1844 0.8443 0.9437 1.4864
## 有無針對UTUC化療 1.1690 0.8554 0.8846 1.5448
## 針對UTUC化療型態 1.3193 0.7580 1.1533 1.5092
## 化療處方 0.8635 1.1581 0.8042 0.9271
## Bladder_cuff_resection 0.9542 1.0480 0.8957 1.0164
## 診斷年紀 1.0449 0.9570 1.0346 1.0554
##
## Concordance= 0.728 (se = 0.012 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 328.3 on 20 df, p=<2e-16
## Wald test = 345.3 on 20 df, p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 371.8 on 20 df, p=<2e-16
AIC (OS)
summary(AIC.os)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = Surv(Followup, Mor) ~ approach + ECOG + 性別 +
## BMI + 病理分期 + 合併膀胱腫瘤 + Lymphovascular_invasion +
## surgical_margin + 術前水腎 + Tumor_Necrosis + 針對UTUC化療型態 +
## 化療處方 + 診斷年紀, data = df_suv.os, x = TRUE,
## y = TRUE)
##
## n= 1605, number of events= 506
##
## coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
## approach -0.024223 0.976068 0.104530 -0.232 0.816747
## ECOG 0.360830 1.434519 0.060597 5.955 2.61e-09 ***
## 性別 -0.132729 0.875702 0.091735 -1.447 0.147933
## BMI -0.133134 0.875348 0.094098 -1.415 0.157117
## 病理分期 0.254740 1.290126 0.046959 5.425 5.80e-08 ***
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 0.175269 1.191566 0.051240 3.421 0.000625 ***
## Lymphovascular_invasion 0.382285 1.465630 0.110655 3.455 0.000551 ***
## surgical_margin 0.582254 1.790069 0.178685 3.259 0.001120 **
## 術前水腎 0.229258 1.257667 0.093519 2.451 0.014228 *
## Tumor_Necrosis 0.189576 1.208737 0.114992 1.649 0.099228 .
## 針對UTUC化療型態 0.309129 1.362238 0.057175 5.407 6.42e-08 ***
## 化療處方 -0.128218 0.879662 0.035031 -3.660 0.000252 ***
## 診斷年紀 0.043933 1.044912 0.005036 8.724 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach 0.9761 1.0245 0.7953 1.1980
## ECOG 1.4345 0.6971 1.2739 1.6154
## 性別 0.8757 1.1419 0.7316 1.0482
## BMI 0.8753 1.1424 0.7279 1.0526
## 病理分期 1.2901 0.7751 1.1767 1.4145
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 1.1916 0.8392 1.0777 1.3174
## Lymphovascular_invasion 1.4656 0.6823 1.1799 1.8206
## surgical_margin 1.7901 0.5586 1.2612 2.5408
## 術前水腎 1.2577 0.7951 1.0470 1.5107
## Tumor_Necrosis 1.2087 0.8273 0.9648 1.5143
## 針對UTUC化療型態 1.3622 0.7341 1.2178 1.5238
## 化療處方 0.8797 1.1368 0.8213 0.9422
## 診斷年紀 1.0449 0.9570 1.0346 1.0553
##
## Concordance= 0.726 (se = 0.012 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 320.4 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
## Wald test = 344.5 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 366.6 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
LASSO (DFS)
summary(LASSO.dfs)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = lasso.dfs.formula, data = df_suv.dfs, x = TRUE,
## y = TRUE)
##
## n= 1605, number of events= 326
##
## coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
## approach -0.316882 0.728417 0.120319 -2.634 0.008447 **
## ECOG 0.118258 1.125535 0.082409 1.435 0.151283
## BMI -0.310970 0.732736 0.119109 -2.611 0.009033 **
## 多發性 0.160462 1.174053 0.112609 1.425 0.154172
## 病理分期 0.506377 1.659269 0.066229 7.646 2.08e-14 ***
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 0.281779 1.325485 0.063852 4.413 1.02e-05 ***
## 合併CIS -0.351695 0.703495 0.127525 -2.758 0.005818 **
## Lymphovascular_invasion 0.392569 1.480780 0.128543 3.054 0.002258 **
## surgical_margin 0.652325 1.919999 0.193238 3.376 0.000736 ***
## 有無針對UTUC化療 -0.355006 0.701170 0.238931 -1.486 0.137329
## 針對UTUC化療型態 0.607087 1.835078 0.074844 8.111 5.01e-16 ***
## 化療處方 -0.088771 0.915055 0.036138 -2.456 0.014032 *
## 診斷年紀 0.025623 1.025954 0.006045 4.239 2.25e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach 0.7284 1.3728 0.5754 0.9221
## ECOG 1.1255 0.8885 0.9577 1.3228
## BMI 0.7327 1.3647 0.5802 0.9254
## 多發性 1.1741 0.8518 0.9415 1.4640
## 病理分期 1.6593 0.6027 1.4573 1.8893
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 1.3255 0.7544 1.1696 1.5022
## 合併CIS 0.7035 1.4215 0.5479 0.9033
## Lymphovascular_invasion 1.4808 0.6753 1.1510 1.9051
## surgical_margin 1.9200 0.5208 1.3147 2.8040
## 有無針對UTUC化療 0.7012 1.4262 0.4390 1.1200
## 針對UTUC化療型態 1.8351 0.5449 1.5847 2.1250
## 化療處方 0.9151 1.0928 0.8525 0.9822
## 診斷年紀 1.0260 0.9747 1.0139 1.0382
##
## Concordance= 0.798 (se = 0.013 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 395.8 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
## Wald test = 415.5 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 522.5 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
AIC (DFS)
summary(AIC.dfs)
## Call:
## coxph(formula = Surv(Followup_DF, DF) ~ approach + ECOG + BMI +
## 多發性 + 病理分期 + 合併膀胱腫瘤 + 合併CIS +
## Lymphovascular_invasion + surgical_margin + 有無針對UTUC化療 +
## 針對UTUC化療型態 + 化療處方 + 診斷年紀, data = df_suv.dfs,
## x = TRUE, y = TRUE)
##
## n= 1605, number of events= 326
##
## coef exp(coef) se(coef) z Pr(>|z|)
## approach -0.316882 0.728417 0.120319 -2.634 0.008447 **
## ECOG 0.118258 1.125535 0.082409 1.435 0.151283
## BMI -0.310970 0.732736 0.119109 -2.611 0.009033 **
## 多發性 0.160462 1.174053 0.112609 1.425 0.154172
## 病理分期 0.506377 1.659269 0.066229 7.646 2.08e-14 ***
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 0.281779 1.325485 0.063852 4.413 1.02e-05 ***
## 合併CIS -0.351695 0.703495 0.127525 -2.758 0.005818 **
## Lymphovascular_invasion 0.392569 1.480780 0.128543 3.054 0.002258 **
## surgical_margin 0.652325 1.919999 0.193238 3.376 0.000736 ***
## 有無針對UTUC化療 -0.355006 0.701170 0.238931 -1.486 0.137329
## 針對UTUC化療型態 0.607087 1.835078 0.074844 8.111 5.01e-16 ***
## 化療處方 -0.088771 0.915055 0.036138 -2.456 0.014032 *
## 診斷年紀 0.025623 1.025954 0.006045 4.239 2.25e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## exp(coef) exp(-coef) lower .95 upper .95
## approach 0.7284 1.3728 0.5754 0.9221
## ECOG 1.1255 0.8885 0.9577 1.3228
## BMI 0.7327 1.3647 0.5802 0.9254
## 多發性 1.1741 0.8518 0.9415 1.4640
## 病理分期 1.6593 0.6027 1.4573 1.8893
## 合併膀胱腫瘤 1.3255 0.7544 1.1696 1.5022
## 合併CIS 0.7035 1.4215 0.5479 0.9033
## Lymphovascular_invasion 1.4808 0.6753 1.1510 1.9051
## surgical_margin 1.9200 0.5208 1.3147 2.8040
## 有無針對UTUC化療 0.7012 1.4262 0.4390 1.1200
## 針對UTUC化療型態 1.8351 0.5449 1.5847 2.1250
## 化療處方 0.9151 1.0928 0.8525 0.9822
## 診斷年紀 1.0260 0.9747 1.0139 1.0382
##
## Concordance= 0.798 (se = 0.013 )
## Likelihood ratio test= 395.8 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
## Wald test = 415.5 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
## Score (logrank) test = 522.5 on 13 df, p=<2e-16
5.2 Survival Curve
OS

DFS

6 Survival Curve
OS.2y

OS.5y

DFS.2y

DFS.5y
